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In the extended PET scheme contributed by this paper, a constant-sized FEC allowance per FEC subgroup is applied, while the number of information packets per FEC subgroup is varied, which is the reverse of the way PET has previously been applied. Our paper presents a detailed algorithm for matching up packets to appropriate FEC subgroups. Mar 22, 2018 Federal Election Commission, 1050 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20463 (800) 424-9530 In Washington (202) 694-1100 For the hearing impaired, TTY (202) 219-3336 Send comments and suggestions about this site to: webmaster@fec.gov.
If you require the entire printed version of the audit report, contact the Office of Inspector General, Federal Election Commission, 999 E Street, NW, Washington, DC 20463 or call Dorothy Maddox-Holland, Special Assistant, phone: (202) 694-1015, fax: (202) 501-8134, or e-mail: dmaddox@fec.gov.
The FEC doesn’t endorse or approve any software, but it does maintain a list of software packages that allow committees to upload properly formatted files to the FEC system. Software options The FEC maintains a list of companies that have contacted the FEC. Paid for by Santa Clara County United Democratic Campaign. FEC ID#C00231076 FPPC ID#871053. Federal Election Commission, 1050 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20463 (800) 424-9530 In Washington (202) 694-1100 For the hearing impaired, TTY (202) 219-3336 Send comments and suggestions about this site to: webmaster@fec.gov.
Executive summary
The Office of Inspector General recently completed an audit of the Federal Election Commission (FEC) management of computer laptops and desktops. The audit fieldwork was conducted from July 1 through September 12, 1997. The objectives of the audit were to:
- Identify and evaluate the adequacy of internal controls over desktop and laptop computers;
- Evaluate the procedures in place to ensure that computer equipment having an acquisition cost over $5,000 is capitalized and that there is documentation to support the unit cost of computers under $5,000.
Our audit of the management of FEC computer desktops and laptops was conducted in accordance with the General Accounting Office Government Auditing Standards and included such procedures as considered necessary. We addressed applicable criteria contained in FEC internal procedures and Federal regulations and policy guidance. This is detailed in the report.
The scope of the audit was limited to testing the effectiveness of internal controls over desktops and laptops. A description of work performed, sampling methodology used and audit results are detailed in the report. We discussed the results of our report with the Deputy Staff Director and the Data Systems Development Division (DSDD) Director.
With regard to the results of testing, we found two weaknesses which we have reported as findings. One, control over laptops is weak because of the lack of an annual inventory, or another method of accountability. Two, we found no guidance provided to FEC divisions which clarify the management and accountability for personal property. We also include a suggestion to review and update the desktop listing to reflect changes in the assignment of desktops to employees and to separately identify, and dispose of, excess or obsolete equipment.
In addition to incorporating the comments and the OIG conclusions in the Finding and Recommendations section, we have also attached management's response dated January 12, 1998, as revised, in Appendix 1.
- Related Questions & Answers
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Forward error correction (FEC) is an error correction technique to detect and correct a limited number of errors in transmitted data without the need for retransmission.
In this method, the sender sends a redundant error-correcting code along with the data frame. The receiver performs necessary checks based upon the additional redundant bits. If it finds that the data is free from errors, it executes error-correcting code that generates the actual frame. It then removes the redundant bits before passing the message to the upper layers.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Because FEC does not require handshaking between the source and the destination, it can be used for broadcasting of data to many destinations simultaneously from a single source.
Another advantage is that FEC saves bandwidth required for retransmission. So, it is used in real time systems.
Its main limitation is that if there are too many errors, the frames need to be retransmitted.
Error Correction Codes for FEC
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Error correcting codes for forward error corrections can be broadly categorized into two types, namely, block codes and convolution codes.
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Block codes − The message is divided into fixed-sized blocks of bits to which redundant bits are added for error correction.
Convolutional codes − The message comprises of data streams of arbitrary length and parity symbols are generated by the sliding application of a Boolean function to the data stream.
There are four popularly used error correction codes.
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Hamming Codes − It is a block code that is capable of detecting up to two simultaneous bit errors and correcting single-bit errors.
Binary Convolution Code − Here, an encoder processes an input sequence of bits of arbitrary length and generates a sequence of output bits.
Reed - Solomon Code − They are block codes that are capable of correcting burst errors in the received data block.
Low-Density Parity Check Code − It is a block code specified by a parity-check matrix containing a low density of 1s. They are suitable for large block sizes in very noisy channels.